Signal timing refers to the process of determining the timing and coordination of traffic signals at intersections to optimize the flow of traffic and reduce congestion. This research area focuses on enhancing the efficiency and safety of traffic signal operations by analyzing factors such as traffic volume, pedestrian activity, and vehicle speeds. Researchers in this field often use mathematical models and simulation techniques to develop optimal signal timing plans that minimize delays and improve traffic flow. By studying signal timing, transportation engineers and planners can help improve overall traffic management and mitigate the impact of congestion on urban road networks.